Free Essays on Stephen Hawkings Affects On The Science Community

Professor Stephen Hawking’s Affects on the Scientific Community Professor Stephen Hawking is a theoretical physicist who specializes in the study of black holes while also working in the areas of general relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. He also holds the holds the chair of Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge University. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. At age eight Hawking moved from Oxford to St. Albans, which is located about 20 miles north from England. Hawking described St. Albans as, â€Å"a somewhat stodgy place compared with Highgate or Harpended. My parents made hardly any friends there†¦ But it also reflected a different kind of population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Childhood 7) At age 17 Hawking attended University College in Oxford, he intended to study in the field of mathematics but the college didn’t offer it, so instead, he studied physics, and after three years received a first class honors degree in Natural Science. After Oxford Hawking moved on to study cosmology at Cambridge University, under the supervision of Denis Sciama. After receiving his Ph.D. he became a Research Fellow, and later a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. In 1973, Hawking then went to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. With this said, how has Hawking’s work affected people’s views on the universe? When Hawking was 21 he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, it is a, â€Å"fatal disease of the motor neurons (nerve cells) that control the skeletal muscles of the body. The disease characteristically produces a wasting away of the muscles that have lost their nerve supply, resulting in weakening and paralysis. There are also signs of spasticity, or stiffness, of the muscles and exaggerated reflexes. Eventually, ALS results in total paralysis an... Free Essays on Stephen Hawking's Affects On The Science Community Free Essays on Stephen Hawking's Affects On The Science Community Professor Stephen Hawking’s Affects on the Scientific Community Professor Stephen Hawking is a theoretical physicist who specializes in the study of black holes while also working in the areas of general relativity, thermodynamics, and quantum mechanics. He also holds the holds the chair of Lucasian professor of mathematics at Cambridge University. Hawking was born on January 8, 1942 in Oxford, England. At age eight Hawking moved from Oxford to St. Albans, which is located about 20 miles north from England. Hawking described St. Albans as, â€Å"a somewhat stodgy place compared with Highgate or Harpended. My parents made hardly any friends there†¦ But it also reflected a different kind of population†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Childhood 7) At age 17 Hawking attended University College in Oxford, he intended to study in the field of mathematics but the college didn’t offer it, so instead, he studied physics, and after three years received a first class honors degree in Natural Science. After Oxford Hawking moved on to study cosmology at Cambridge University, under the supervision of Denis Sciama. After receiving his Ph.D. he became a Research Fellow, and later a Professorial Fellow at Gonville and Caius College. In 1973, Hawking then went to the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, and since 1979 has held the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics. With this said, how has Hawking’s work affected people’s views on the universe? When Hawking was 21 he was diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as Lou Gehrig’s disease, it is a, â€Å"fatal disease of the motor neurons (nerve cells) that control the skeletal muscles of the body. The disease characteristically produces a wasting away of the muscles that have lost their nerve supply, resulting in weakening and paralysis. There are also signs of spasticity, or stiffness, of the muscles and exaggerated reflexes. Eventually, ALS results in total paralysis an...

Rose Water Recipe

Rose Water Recipe Rose water is one of several products your can buy or make that retains the fragrance of rose petals. It is used in perfumes and cosmetics, plus it has slightly astringent properties, so it makes an excellent facial toner. Because the commercial process used to make rose water is labor intensive and requires a lot of roses, its an expensive product to buy. However, if you have roses, you can make your own rose water quite easily. Its an easy example of distillation, an important chemical separation and purification process. Rose Water Materials rose petalswatersmall pancotton balls Experiment with different types of roses, since each rose has its own characteristic scent. Damask rose has the classic rose scent, but some roses smell like citrus fruit, spices, or licorice.The resulting rose water wont smell exactly the same as the original flowers because distillation only captures some of the volatile compounds present in the petals. There are other methods used to capture other essences, such as solvent extraction and more complex distillations. Directions Place the rose petals in a small pan.Add enough water to just barely cover the petals.Gently boil the water.Collect the steam that boils off using a cotton ball. You may wish to place the cotton ball on a fork or hold it with tongs, to avoid getting burned. Once the cotton ball is wet, remove it from the steam and squeeze it out over a small jar. This is the rose water.You can repeat the process to collect more steam.Store your rose water in a sealed container, away from direct sunlight or heat. You can refrigerate it to keep it fresh longer. Large Scale Rose Water Recipe Are you ready for a more advanced version of the project? If you have a few quarts of rose petals, you can collect much more rose water using a slightly more complex home steam distillation apparatus: 2-3 quarts rose petalswaterice cubespot with rounded lidbrickbowl that fits inside pot Place the brick in the center of the pot. There is nothing magical about the brick. Its purpose is simply to hold the collection bowl above the surface of the roses.Put the rose petals in the pot (around the brick) and add enough water to barely cover the petals.Set the bowl on top of the brick. The bowl will collect the rose water.Invert the lid of the pot (turn it upside down), so the rounded part of the lid dips into the pot.Heat the roses and water to a gentle boil. Place ice cubes on the top of the lid. The ice will cool the steam, condensing the rose water inside the pot and making it run down the lid and drip into the bowl.Continue gently boiling the roses and adding ice as needed until you have collected the rose water. Dont boil off all the water. Youll collect the most concentrated rose water in the first few minutes. After that, it will become more and more dilute. Turn off the heat when you notice the condensation isnt as rose-scented as you would like. You can collect be tween a pint and quart of rose water in 20-40 minutes using 2-3 quarts of rose petals. Other Floral Scents This process works with other floral essences, too. Other flower petals that work well include: honeysucklelilacvioletshyacinthirislavender You can experiment with mixing the scents to make custom fragrances. While rose water, violet water, and lavender water are edible and safe for use in cosmetics, some other types of flowers are only good as fragrances and shouldnt be applied directly to the skin or ingested. Safety Notes This is a fun project for kids, but adult supervision is required because boiling water and steam are involved. Kids can collect flowers and squeeze liquid from cooled cotton balls.If you are using the rose water (or violet or lavender water) for cooking or cosmetics, be sure to use flowers that are free of pesticides. Many gardeners spray flowers with chemicals or feed them with systemic pesticides. For a simple fragrance project, its fine to simply rinse off the flower petals to remove any residue, but avoid using chemically treated flowers for food projects or cosmetics. Learn More Design Your Own PerfumeSolid Perfume RecipeSafety Tips for Making Perfume